Flat Isaac travels around his namesake country looking for fun things to do to celebrate America's 250th birthday! Follow him on Facebook!
Of course, he didn't look like this. He looked more like the guy sitting on the rock in plain clothes. Isaac was a militiaman, and they didn't have uniforms, but brought their own supplies from home.
- Isaac Van Wart, Revolutionary War Hero - when three regular guys stopped the death of a newborn nationWhat's another word for traitor? Back-stabber? Two-timer? Snake? If you look the word traitor up in the dictionary, the name Benedict Arnold is actually there as a synonym. Not a joke. You know it's really bad if your name has become a word that means selling out your own people.
I have since been reminded several times that throwing out family legends results in losing truths that were embedded in the story like rubies in a silicone ring.
The day that saved the new United States began just like any other day in no-man's-land. Tense. Wary. A frigid winter followed by summer days of red smoky haze2 may have made sign-searching people wonder if the Almighty was warning Americans they would be punished for rebelling against their God-given king. Men had taken to patrolling their neighborhoods to prevent violent raids, or at least alert people in time to run or hide. Or were the patrollers and raiders one and the same? It was hard to tell.
Important Places in the Prevention of Treachery, map created by the author on Google My Maps
Only John Paulding can read.14 "What does it say?" Isaac asks.
not the map in the spy's boot, but a French map of West Point drawn the same year, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jameson_(colonel)
Major Benjamin Tallmadge, painting by John Trumbull, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tallmadge
bust of Isaac Van Wart; life masks made of warm wax were made of prominent figures in the early 1800s
Isaac Van Wert Chapter of Daughters of the American Revolution, https://thevwindependent.com/news/2025/11/24/busts-unveiled/
Me at the monument to Andre's captors, Patriot Park, Tarrytown, NY, June 2024
A legend in my first husband's family was that some ancestor, Isaac Van Wart, had captured Benedict Arnold during the American Revolution. Back in the olden days when all we had for home research were books of encyclopedias, I looked him up. Benedict Arnold was never captured, but lived out his long and unhappy life in England, where he was generally despised as a turncoat to his own people. I threw out the family legend.
In connecting with a genealogist relative, I found that our ancestor Isaac had truly saved the fledgling United States from being snuffed out before it was even born. Isaac and friends foiled the plot that would have turned the American fort West Point over to the British and likely cost the war.
Isaac is so revered, he has a statue, five streets, and a county named after him.1 He even has a Flat Isaac who travels around his namesake county, looking for fun things to do! After his laudable deed, so many Van Warts named their babies Isaac that it is now impossible for my family to trace our ancestors, as we cannot figure out which of the many new Isaacs is the connecting link. (His heroism explains why, 80 years later, father-and-son duo William and Edwin Van Wart signed up for the Civil War mere days after Lincoln asked. - see post Father & Son Soldiers in the Civil War, William & Edwin Van Wart)
September 23, 1780
The day that saved the new United States began just like any other day in no-man's-land. Tense. Wary. A frigid winter followed by summer days of red smoky haze2 may have made sign-searching people wonder if the Almighty was warning Americans they would be punished for rebelling against their God-given king. Men had taken to patrolling their neighborhoods to prevent violent raids, or at least alert people in time to run or hide. Or were the patrollers and raiders one and the same? It was hard to tell.
Everyone with good sense, or a place to go, had left Westchester County, New York State. Wealthy farms bursting with crops a few short years ago were now fields of ashes. Sturdy barns full of livestock had become shells with cellars where people hid. Spacious houses filled with large families turned into soldiers' quarters. Roads that had seen travellers and wagons constantly transporting goods to and from the city were empty, except for horses galloping towards danger.
The population had dropped by two-thirds.3 Loyalists had taken refuge in British-held New York City. Patriots had moved toward the western frontier, or joined General George Washington's Continentals.4
Important Places in the Prevention of Treachery, map created by the author on Google My Maps
Westchester County became a wasteland because it was officially Neutral Ground. The twenty miles between Kings Bridge, the north point of British New York City, and Peekskill, where Washington's army camped, was supposed to be a buffer between the two armies. In practice, no governing body policed this area, resulting in violence that was answered by retaliation.5
Capture
Anyone still in Westchester on September 23, 1780, would have thought it just another day in the chaos. Morning dawned dry after a mild night when a man could be comfortable wearing a light coat. The seven militiamen patrolling on the night of the 22nd wore their own clothes and carried their own guns. Like everyone else in Neutral Ground, their clothes were worn out and patched up, since no one would be shopping in the city even if they had any money. One of them wore an old soldier's coat he had found somewhere, probably off a dead Hessian.6
The group held a permit to search for stolen cattle.7 They moved south from North Salem, and four of them dropped off at Davis Hill, leaving Isaac Van Wart, 20, David Williams, 25, and John Paulding, 22, to continue on to Clark's Kill, a brook just north of Tarrytown.8
No one had any idea that while they watched the roads, two men conspired in a house across the river.
One to serve his country; the other to betray it.
this monument in Patriot Park, Tarrytown, marks the spot where the militiamen searched the spy, published by Russell & Lawrie, G., Emma. The Capture of John Andre'.
Daybreak eases in behind clouds.9 Now that they can see, the three patrollers start a card game in the woods9 just off the post road. About nine o'clock, hoofbeats approach.10 The clouds part to allow sunlight to shine11 on a man wearing civilian clothes riding an ordinary horse. But something, his military bearing perhaps, sparks their suspicion. Of course, it is likely they stop every stranger to demand their name and business.
The stranger notices John Paulding's Hessian coat. Since German soldiers from Hesse have been hired by the British to fight with them in New York, this proves to the stranger that the three militiamen are loyal to their king. He has been told the area is full of Loyalists, so he identifies himself as a British Army officer.12
The tense encounter now crackles with danger. The three men identify themselves as Continentals and slowly surround the stranger.
Officer Unknown quickly switches stories. "Huzzah! I was told you were all damned Tories here! Of course such gentlemen as yourselves are brave Americans. Of course I'm not a British officer -- I have no uniform as you can see. My name is John Anderson. I am a friend of the esteemed General Benedict Arnold -- see, I have a pass."
John Anderson, as he says his name is now, smiles broadly and produces a safe pass signed by the famous American General Arnold, commander of the nearby fort West Point. “Permit Mr. John Anderson to pass the guards; to the White Plains’ or below, if he chuses, he being on public business by my direction.”13
Only John Paulding can read.14 "What does it say?" Isaac asks.
"It's a pass all right," John Paulding answers. "Signed by General Arnold."
"I don't trust him," David frowns, nodding toward the horseman.
"Search him, lads," John Paulding commands, and motions to the stranger named John Anderson to dismount.
"No need, good sirs," the stranger counters. "I pray you send me on my way. I have important business in the city."
"Your business can wait." The three Westchester men drag the stranger off his horse into the trees, but take care not to injure him. Isaac and David remove his clothes while John Paulding oversees with his gun cocked. A constant stream of "the general himself sent me" and "without delay" and "I beg of you" punctuate the disrobing.
"The boots too."
"Would you have me barefoot on the ground?"
Isaac holds up a boot and shakes it; papers fall out. "Ho, what's this?" He hands the papers to John Paulding.
"Search every inch of him."
John Paulding turns the papers over in his hands. A map of some kind. Another seems to be about a fort. Then more papers, just fiddle faddle. He cannot make out what they mean.
"He's a spy!" David Williams asserts. "Why else would he be hiding papers in his boot?"
"What shall we do with him?" Isaac questions.
"Turn him over to Colonel Jameson," John Paulding decides.
The stranger changes tactics again. "Wait now, no sense in being hasty. I can make you gentlemen rich. I have money in the city; I can offer you a considerable amount. Just release me."
"What kind of men do you take us for?" David demands.
"I understand you don't believe me," the caught spy wheedles. "Of course you don't, you are intelligent men. Just take me to Kings Bridge. Release me there. I have money there I can give you. One hundred guineas. Nay, one hundred guineas apiece."
" 'No, by God, even if you give us ten thousand guineas, you should not stir a step!' " roars John Paulding.15
The three militiamen tie the spy up and drag him to Lieutenant Colonel John Jameson at the nearest Continental Army outpost, a few miles away near North Castle.16
Decision
Sunlight17 falls in squares on the table as Jameson spreads the papers out, frowning. He picks up one, reads it carefully. Sets it down, chooses another. Divides them into four sets. Rereads the first. Sighs heavily. Rearranges the piles.
There are only two clear facts: all are in General Arnold's handwriting. Jameson has served under Arnold and is sure of this.18
Secondly, the map is of West Point, and one set of papers describes the upgraded fortifications in detail. He places the map and description in the same pile.
The third paper elicits more frowns and a number of sighs. It appears to be minutes of a meeting between General Washington and his subordinate generals. Nothing to do with West Point. Shaking his head, Jameson sets that aside.
As he handles the safe pass describing John Anderson as known to General Arnold, Jameson takes long strides across the floor. The note is brief, yet vague. Permission to go anywhere he "chuses?" It seems odd, yet it is definitely Arnold's handwriting. Perhaps he wrote in haste.
What to do?
It appears to Jameson that his former commander Arnold wants these documents delivered, so delivered they will be, he decides. He has followed many an order from General Arnold, and tho Arnold is no longer Jameson's direct superior, Jameson is proud to serve him. All Arnold's men are.19 But whence to deliver them, and to whom?
The fly in the ointment is the suspicious stranger on horseback with his shifting stories. He is certainly not to be trusted.
Jameson mulls the possibilities. General Arnold could be sending the documents to General Washington, who may desire details on West Point's battle readiness. Or the spy could have stolen the papers somehow, and is taking them to the enemy British. Or perhaps the spy plans to sell the information in the city? Surely it would fetch a good price with potential buyers among the enemy. Or the spy could be a double agent, trusted by Arnold but working with the enemy.20
Jameson decides on a three-fold plan. He will send the documents to General Washington, as seems to be the intention. Let the General figure out what is going on. He will send the spy to West Point where he can be held in a secure location. And thirdly, he will send word to General Arnold to let him know what's happened.21
Jameson sends two parties out at the same time -- a five-soldier guard with the prisoner and the explanatory letter to General Arnold, and an express messenger to find Washington.22
Since Washington was actually travelling to West Point at that hour, passing fairly close by, his message should have arrived first. But the messenger missed him altogether.23
Delivery and Disappearance
That evening, American Major Benjamin Tallmadge returns to his post near North Castle from reconnoitering with the 2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons.24 As the men remove their soaked outer garments, wet from sweat and a sudden thunderstorm,25 they hear talk of three young men who captured a spy carrying incriminating papers. Tallmadge immediately stops his unloading to confer with his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Jameson.
"Pardon my dress, sir. What is this I hear? A spy captured bearing papers?"
Jameson leans forward, palms resting on the table. "Yes, Major. Three militiamen brought him in this morning, mounted. We have the horse. He wore civilian clothes. They found papers in his boot! Quite the puzzle."
"May I see the papers, sir?"
"I've sent them to General Washington." Jameson rapidly begins to describe the documents.
"A map?" Tallmadge almost shouts.
"Yes! Clearly of West Point. With the particulars of its defenses."
"Battle plans," Tallmadge muses. "Who would want to attack West Point? The British in New York. Who therefore needs to know details of the fort? The British in New York. Who is sending these details? General Arnold."
"General Arnold would never betray his country!" Jameson exclaims.
"Certainly not!" Tallmadge leans forward. "What did the note say again? Let John my friend go wheresomever he chooses? On my business?"
" 'John Anderson.' It did not say a friend," Jameson points out.
"In General Arnold's handwriting, you say. Why would the General send a spy to New York with plans of West Point?" Tallmadge asks slowly.
"General Arnold is an honorable officer!" Jameson declares.
"He is among our best," Tallmadge agrees. "Now, where is the prisoner?"
"Yes, assuredly. I sent the prisoner to West Point with a letter. We have no place to hold him here for long!"
"With a letter, sir?" Tallmadge inquires gently.
Jameson feels the subordinate officer's disapproval. "By all means. I must let the General know what has happened!-- his courier did not get thru."
"All well if the note reaches General Arnold. But the prisoner...suppose the traitor helps him to escape?"
Tallmadge begins to stride around the room. "If someone at West Point is a traitor..." He sees the disbelief on Jameson's face. "..a man of low rank, perhaps. Perhaps he saw his chance with this John Anderson. The General sent Mr. Anderson a safe pass, the traitor seized it, and gave the pass to the spy instead."
Jameson drums his fingers on the table. "'Tis possible."
Tallmadge looks his superior in the eyes. "Let us suppose, sir, that this traitor sees his spy arrive as a prisoner. He knows he has been found out and flees."
"Perhaps," Jameson considers. "A stable hand, perhaps. Or the stable hand alerts the...traitor." Jameson's mouth twists as if he tastes spoiled food.
"If, sir, perhaps, the most prudent thing was not to have sent the prisoner to the source of the messages, I might go after and return the prisoner, if you were to permit me to do so."
Jameson sighs. At last he nods. "You may go return the prisoner here."
"And the letter explaining the circumstances?" Tallmadge pushes.
"No, that needs to go to General Arnold."
"Sir, if the letter falls into the wrong hands..."
"We will have to take the risk," Jameson asserts. "General Arnold needs to know. You have my permission to intercept the guard with the prisoner and return the spy here. See to it the letter goes on to him at West Point."
"Yes sir." Tallmadge stands immediately, bows, and exits. In his own room, he swiftly writes an order for a courier to take to the prisoner's guards. The order instructs the guards to return the prisoner to New Castle, and following that, carry the letter with information of the day's events to General Benedict Arnold at West Point.
Major Tallmadge retires for the night, but finds sleep eludes him. Every few hours, he emerges to ask the sentries if the guard has made it back with the prisoner. It is not until after daybreak that they arrive, and the man called John Anderson is again brought before the officers of the Continental outpost at North Castle, looking dirtier and more disheveled than before.
The officers, seated at the table, question the prisoner. Hands tied, the prisoner walks back and forth across the floor. Tallmadge leans closer to Jameson and murmurs, "This man has been bred to arms."
"What is your meaning, Major?" Jameson responds.
"Notice his gait. Watch how he turns on his heel to retrace his course across the room." The two men observe the prisoner as he paces with precision.
"A military man," Jameson whispers.
"If his name be John Anderson or not, he is no tradesman. He has been in service to the king from a young age, I'll warrant," Tallmadge declares.
Jameson shakes his head. "Such a man is a danger to us. We have no way to keep him here confined. Take him..."
"He cannot go to West Point."
"No. Take him to Colonel Sheldon's quarters at Salem."26
The letter from Lieutenant Colonel Jameson describing the three militiamen's capture of John Anderson with papers and a map of West Point reached General Benedict Arnold, commander of West Point, on the morning of September 24th.27 Although his troops searched for him the rest of the day, Benedict Arnold had mysteriously disappeared.28
Major John Andre', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Andr
Revelation
Tallmadge conveyed the prisoner to Salem (now Salem Center). Despite his shabby appearance and grave situation, the stranger was a pleasant conversationalist. Tallmadge found himself enjoying the journey. Once arrived, Tallmadge positioned himself where they could continue talking. The stranger became more and more agitated as time went on.
The prisoner abruptly stops pacing. "May I make a request? May I have pen, ink, and paper?"29
"By all means," Tallmadge returns. He offers the stranger a seat at his own table and passes him the writing implements. The other man dips his pen in the ink and quickly sets down his thoughts, hand racing across the paper, stopping only to blot stray ink. He passes the finished paper over for Tallmadge to read.
Tallmadge leans forward to read, then stops short. His eyes are fixed upon the name at the top - General George Washington. Immediately, his eyes move to the signature - Adj. Genl. John Andre'. Tilting his head, Tallmadge stares at his prisoner, then whispers, "Major Andre'?30
Andre' inclines his head. "I am he." Andre' is well known in military circles as the adjutant general to Sir Henry Clinton, Commander in Chief of the British Army in America.
Tallmadge reads the rest of the letter, in which Andre' identifies himself as an officer and a gentleman, asking to be excused for wearing the clothes of a spy. I am no spy, he explains, but an honorable officer advancing the cause of my country. Andre' suggests being exchanged with Americans the British hold as prisoners.31
"It is my honor to make your acquaintance, sir.," Tallmadge says. "Altho not under these circumstances."
"Likewise, Major. Two men of equal rank have much in common to discuss. You have me at a disadvantage in these clothes."
"I will send for your regimental uniform as soon as possible, sir."32
A day or so later, Tallmadge conducts Major Andre' to West Point and then to Headquarters at Tappan. Passing thru the green countryside in the warm sun, riding side-by-side, it is possible to forget the guards in front and back and the terrible reason they have met.
"Let us play a game of Questions, " Tallmadge suggests. "We take turns asking each other anything we like, and the other must answer honestly."
"I agree, but I will not name anyone," Andre' responds. "Likewise," returns Tallmadge.
In this manner, the plot to surrender West Point is revealed.
"Were you bringing the papers of West Point to British Headquarters in New York City?"
"Yes."33
Tallmadge feels sick. The sensitive details would be disastrous if they fell into enemy hands; the British would be able to easily take West Point.
"Was there an attack planned on the fort?"
"Yes. If we British hold West Point and New York City, that would sever the Continentals into two parts, New England and the South. Divided, this unnatural rebellion will surely fail."34
Tallmadge feels a slow boil rise up his chest at the thought of the traitor who gave up this intelligence. "Who gave you the papers?"
"I said I would not name names, and I will not."
"Where did you find this traitor?" Tallmadge spits out.
"We did not. He came to us."
"When?"
"Over a year ago."35
Tallmadge sputters, "What? How? Oh..I...who would..." Remembering his peer's terms, he falls silent. Several minutes pass before he asks, "How did you come to receive the papers?"
"I met the man at a house in West Haverstraw the night before I was captured. We spent the night conferring.36 At dawn, I could not return the way I had come. The gentleman of the house lent me these poor clothes, as they said traveling in uniform was unsafe. I crossed the river, but was stopped by three young men.37 Honorable young men. They would not take a sum of money I offered them to release me."
"Yes, it is not only gentlemen who are honorable," Tallmadge points out. "I hope they are rewarded."
"And my reward? I am no spy, sir. I understand I am your prisoner, but I serve my country."
Tallmadge is silent a long time. Finally he says, "Let me tell you a story of a friend of mine. My classmate at Yale College, much loved. We entered the army together in 1776. After the British entered New York, General Washington asked for information on troop strength and so on. My friend volunteered. He was stopped."
Tallmadge stares hard at Andre'. "His name was Nathan Hale. Do you know the sequel to the story?"
"Yes," Andre' replies easily. "He was hanged as a spy. But surely you do not consider his case and mine alike."
"Precisely similar. And similar will be your fate."38
"But I am an officer of high rank! If I must be executed, I must be shot by firing squad as befits my station. Not hanged like a dog."39
"If I may speak from my heart, sir, I have a most favorable impression of your character and motives.40 Yet the men are much heated over the hanging of Nathan Hale. I feel that will overcome all else."41
British Major John Andre', Adjutant General to the Commander in Chief, was neither exchanged nor shot. He was hanged a mere nine days after his capture.42
Aftermath
The entire Continental Army was shaken, Washington most of all.43 At West Point the next day, the nagging uneasiness in the back of Washington's mind became the unhappy determination that the brave and dashing General Arnold was indeed a traitor. "Treason of the blackest dye was...discovered!" Washington wrote in issuing his General Orders for the day.44
If the popular Arnold could turn, what did that say about the other soldiers?45 What did it say that no one suspected treason afoot for an entire year? The only ones quick-witted enough to smell a rat were three ordinary young farmers in the militia.
Not only were they quick-witted, they were incorruptible, having turned down Andre's offer of a bribe. “I do not know the party that took Major André,” Washington wrote in his report. However, he called them “men of great virtue” for refusing a large amount of money to let Andre' go.46
Washington recommended to Congress that “the public will do well to make them a handsome gratuity.”47 Congress, known for responding to Washington's requests with silence or delay, instead voted within a month to give each man an incredible life pension of two hundred dollars per year, issued in coin, not the continental paper bills that would become worthless. Congress also ordered three silver medallions of the capture, which Washington presented in a ceremony witnessed by selected units of the Continental Army. Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart were given copies of a resolution conveying the thanks of Congress “for their fidelity and the eminent service they had rendered their country.”48 Washington even entertained the men for dinner in his tent.49
Not only that, but the New York state legislature awarded each man two hundred acres of farmland. As was the custom of the New York militia, they were given André’s confiscated property - his watch worth thirty guineas, horse, saddle, and bridle.50
The story of Isaac Van Wart, David Williams, and John Paulding captured the new nation's attention. It fit perfectly with the founding myth of a small poor people with integrity defeating a large arrogant empire. Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote about them. Their exploit inspired songs, plays, paintings, and magazine articles. It made appearances in books, including The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, which after all was set in the same town where Andre' was captured. The famous biography of George Washington by Parson Weems, in which the cherry tree story first appeared, devoted five pages to the three militiamen. When Ohio became a state, it named three counties Van Wert (spelled wrong), Williams, and Paulding.
Ancestor Isaac and his co-captors remained idols in popular culture for 80 years, until the Civil War brought new folk heroes.51
Footnotes and References:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Van_Wart
2. Tufts, Cotton. Letter to John Adams, 1779-1780. “Enclosure No. 1: Weather Journal, 1779–1780,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-03-02-0285-0002. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Adams Family Correspondence, vol. 3, April 1778 – September 1780, ed. L. H. Butterfield and Marc Friedlaender. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973, pp. 383–386.]. Also, Evans, Chad. June 7 2023. Local Weather History: The Dark Day of 1780 in New England and Black Sunday of 1950 and How It's All Tied to our Weather. https://www.wlfi.com/news/local-weather-history-the-dark-day-of-1780-in-new-england-black-sunday-of-1950/article_53b3640e-057d-11ee-9508-0fea9a3ce839.html. Accessed December 2025;
3. Schenawolf, Harry. First Cowboys Were Not from the West But Cattle Rustlers of the American Revolution. 1 July 2019. https://revolutionarywarjournal.com/first-cowboys-were-not-of-western-lore-but-from-new-york-loyalist-partisan-groups-terrorized-farmers-during-the-american-revolution/. Accessed December 2025. - Jenkins, Stephen. “The Cowboys, The Skinners, And the Neutral Ground.” New York State Historical Association. Vol. IX. (1910) pp 160- Published by the New York State Historical Association, Glens Falls Publishing and Printing, Glens Falls, NY.
4. Schenawolf.
5. Ibid.
6. G., Emma. The Capture of John Andre'. Sleepy Hollow Country. Accessed December 2025.
7. Brown, Richard C. Three Forgotten Heroes. August 1975. Volume 26, Issue 5. https://www.americanheritage.com/three-forgotten-heroes. Accessed December 2025.
8. G.
9. Col. Israel Angell wrote in his diary entry for this date: “Clowdy, but Soon Cleard away hot and Remaind Exceeding hot for the Season of the year till the afternoon when it began to thunder and was a Considerable of thunder and lightening, and rain” (, 122). https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-28-02-0182-0003. Accessed December 2025.
10. G.
11. Angell.
12. G.
13. Borkow, Richard. Westchester County, New York and the Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold's Treason is Exposed (1780). Westchester Magazine. June 14 2013. https://westchestermagazine.com/uncategorized/westchester-county-new-york-and-the-revolutionary-war-benedict-arnolds-treason-is-exposed-1780/. Accessed December 2025.
14. G.
15. Brown.
16. Ibid.
17. Angell.
18. Brown.
19. Tallmadge, Benjamin. Letter to Jared Sparks. 17 February 1834. ( 3 (1879):752–56; https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-28-02-0182-0003. Accessed December 2025.
20. Brown.
21. Ibid.
22. Tallmadge, Benjamin. Letter to Jared Sparks. 16 November 1833. ( 3 (1879):748–50; see also Documents I, VIII, and XIII). https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-28-02-0182-0003. Accessed December 2025.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Angell.
26. Tallmadge, 1833.
27. Tallmadge, 1834.
28. Brown.
29. (, 36–37). https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-28-02-0182-0003. Accessed December 2025.
30. Ibid.
31. Andre', John. Letter to George Washington. 24 September 1780. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-28-02-0182-0003. Accessed December 2025.
32. Tallmadge, 1834.
33. G.
34. Joshua Hett Smith House. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Hett_Smith_House. Accessed December 2025. - Randall, Willard Sterne (1990). Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor. William Morrow and Co. Inc. ISBN 1-55710-034-9.p. 505-508.
35. Major John Andre'. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9
36. Joshua Hett Smith House.
37. Borkow.
38. Tallmadge, 1834.
39. Major John Andre'.
40. Tallmadge, 1834.
41. Ibid.
42. Brown.
43. Ibid.
44. General Orders, 26 September 1780. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-28-02-0198
45. Brown.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold
https://isaacvanwartdar.org/the-busts-of-a-trio-of-heroes-from-the-revolutionary-war-center-of-attention-at-van-wert-reveal-party-america250/
https://isaacvanwartdar.org/
https://sleepyhollowcountry.com/the-capture-of-john-andre/
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-28-02-0201-0001
https://villageofhaverstraw.gov/about-the-village/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tallmadge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jameson_(colonel)
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/arts/benedict-arnold-medal-west-point-andre.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare&fbclid=IwY2xjawOgFupleHRuA2FlbQIxMQBicmlkETE0WEpGeG1PbDB0RHlYNGpFc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHoxSW89WT0FpMhsf2zBOYQKuT3Vk8sti3t63lXJiKJDuTp2Zv11X1fmR1ipZ_aem_etspqQx52S4XPnTmdqS3dA
https://www.wane.com/news/local-news/van-wert-the-ohio-city-thats-name-is-wrong/?ipid=promo-link-block1
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61581431955693
https://sites.google.com/historicalvanwert.com/flatisaacvanwart
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61581431955693
https://www.wane.com/news/local-news/van-wert-3d-printed-bust-ties-small-ohio-city-to-its-past/
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